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on more scores than one

  • 1 on more scores than one

    en más de un sentido

    English-spanish dictionary > on more scores than one

  • 2 on more scores than one

    on more scores than one

    English-Dutch dictionary > on more scores than one

  • 3 on more scores than one

    lebih dari satu alasan

    English-Indonesian dictionary > on more scores than one

  • 4 on more scores than one

    • z vela dôvodov

    English-Slovak dictionary > on more scores than one

  • 5 on\ more\ scores\ than\ one

    több okból is

    English-Hungarian dictionary > on\ more\ scores\ than\ one

  • 6 one

    § ერთი; ვინმე; ვიღაც; ერთი, ერთიანი
    §
    1 (attr.) ერთი
    2 (attr.) ერთადერთი
    it's the one thing I was afraid of ეს ზუსტად ისაა, რისიც მეშინოდა
    3 (num.) ერთი
    ●●one too many მეტისმეტად ბევრი
    4 ერთ-ერთი
    one of the largest cities in the Near East ახლო აღმოსავლეთის ერთ-ერთი უდიდესი ქალაქი
    -------
    ●●the last but one ბოლოდან მეორე
    for one thing…; for another …; ჯერ ერთი..., მერეც და...
    5 (substitut.)
    I don't want this book // give me that one ეს წიგნი არ მინდა, ის მომეცი!
    -------
    one never knows what may happen არასოდეს არ იცი, რა მოხდება
    one must work hard to learn a foreign language უცხო ენის შესწავლისათვის ბევრი შრომაა საჭირო
    each one ყოველი, ყველა
    one after another ერთმანეთის მიყოლებით / შემდეგ
    ●●the next but one ერთის გამოშვებით
    not one in ten of the girls could sew ათ გოგონაში არც-ერთმა არ იცოდა კერვა
    he is one too many for you შენზე ღონიერია / ძლიერია // მისი სწორი არა ხარ
    I hope to visit London one day იმედი მაქვს, როდისმე ლონდონს ვეწვევი
    let's have a quick one! მოდი, თითო-თითო გადავკრათ!
    to the best of one`s ability შეძლებისდაგვარად

    English-Georgian dictionary > one

  • 7 lebih dari satu alasan

    on more scores than one

    Indonesia-Inggris kamus > lebih dari satu alasan

  • 8 több okból is

    on more scores than one

    Magyar-ingilizce szótár > több okból is

  • 9 score

    sko:
    1. plurals - scores; noun
    1) (the number of points, goals etc gained in a game, competition etc: The cricket score is 59 for 3.) tanteo, resultado
    2) (a written piece of music showing all the parts for instruments and voices: the score of an opera.) partitura
    3) (a set or group of twenty: There was barely a score of people there.) veinte, veintena

    2. verb
    1) (to gain (goals etc) in a game etc: He scored two goals before half-time.) marcar, hacer, meter
    2) ((sometimes with off or out) to remove (eg a name) from eg a list by putting a line through it: Please could you score my name off (the list)?; Is that word meant to be scored out?) eliminar
    3) (to keep score: Will you score for us, please?) llevar el marcador
    •
    - score-board
    - on that score
    - scores of
    - scores
    - settle old scores
    score1 n
    1. resultado
    what's the score? ¿cómo van?
    2. puntuación
    score2 vb
    1. marcar
    who scored the goal? ¿quién marcó el gol?
    2. encestar
    3. obtener / anotar
    4. llevar la cuenta de los tantos
    I don't want to play, but I'll score for you no quiero jugar, pero llevaré la cuenta de los tantos
    tr[skɔːSMALLr/SMALL]
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (gen) tanteo; (in golf, cards) puntuación nombre femenino
    ■ what's the score? ¿cómo van?
    ■ what's my score? ¿cuántos puntos tengo?
    ■ what's the highest score you can get? ¿cuál es la puntuación más alta que se puede conseguir?
    2 (in exam, test) nota, calificación nombre femenino, puntuación nombre femenino
    3 (notch, cut) muesca, corte nombre masculino, marca; (scratch) rasguño
    4 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (written version) partitura; (of film, play, etc) música
    5 (twenty) veinte, veintena
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (goal) marcar, hacer, meter; (point) ganar; (run) hacer, realizar
    ■ who scored the winning goal? ¿quién marcó el gol decisivo?
    ■ if you answer this question correctly, you score 50 points si contestas esta pregunta correctamente, ganas 50 puntos
    2 (in exam, test) sacar, obtener, conseguir
    3 (give points to) dar, puntuar
    ■ the judge scored the gymnast 9.9 el juez dio a la gimnasta una puntuación de 9,9
    4 (achieve, succeed) tener, conseguir, lograr
    5 SMALLMUSIC/SMALL (write) escribir, componer; (arrange) hacer un arreglo de, arreglar
    6 (notch - wood) hacer una muesca en, hacer cortes en; (- paper) rayar, marcar
    7 slang (obtain drugs) ligar, pillar
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (gen) marcar (un tanto); (goal) marcar (un gol); (point) puntuar, conseguir puntos
    2 (record points etc) llevar el marcador, tantear
    3 (have success) tener éxito
    4 slang (get off with) ligar ( with, con); (go to bed with) acostarse ( con, with)
    5 slang (obtain drugs) ligar droga, pillar droga
    1 (very many) muchísimos,-as, montones nombre masculino plural de
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    by the score muchísimos,-as
    on more scores than one en más de un sentido
    on that score por lo que se refiere a eso, a ese respecto
    to keep the score seguir el marcador
    to know the score estar al tanto
    to pay/settle an old score ajustar cuentas pendientes, saldar cuentas pendientes
    score ['skor] v, scored ; scoring vt
    1) record: anotar
    2) mark, scratch: marcar, rayar
    3) : marcar, meter (en deportes)
    4) gain: ganar, apuntarse
    5) grade: calificar (exámenes, etc.)
    6) : instrumentar, orquestar (música)
    score vi
    1) : marcar (en deportes)
    2) : obtener una puntuación (en un examen)
    score n, pl scores
    1) or pl score twenty: veintena f
    2) line, scratch: línea f, marca f
    3) : resultado m (en deportes)
    what's the score?: ¿cómo va el marcador?
    4) grade, points: calificación f (en un examen), puntuación f (en un concurso)
    5) account: cuenta f
    to settle a score: ajustar una cuenta
    on that score: a ese respecto
    6) : partitura f (musical)
    n.
    • anotación s.f.
    • cuenta s.f.
    • línea s.f.
    • marca s.f.
    • marcador (Deporte) s.m.
    • muesca s.f.
    • nota de exámen s.f.
    • partitura s.f.
    (Deporte) s.m.
    • puntuación (DEP, ENS) s.f.
    • raya s.f.
    • tanteo (Deporte) s.m.
    • veintena s.f. (Point)
    v.
    • marcar (Punto, gol, etc.) (•Deporte•) v.
    v.
    • hacer gol v.
    • instrumentar v.
    • puntuar v.
    • rayar v.
    skɔːr, skɔː(r)
    I
    1)
    a) ( in game)

    what's the score? — ¿cómo van?, ¿cómo va el marcador?

    what was the score? — ¿cómo terminó el partido (or encuentro etc)?

    score draw — (BrE) empate m

    no-score draw — (BrE) empate m a cero

    b) (in competition, test etc) puntuación f, puntaje m (AmL)
    2)
    a) ( account)

    I have no worries on that score — en lo que a eso se refiere, no me preocupo

    to have a score to settle — tener* una cuenta pendiente

    to have a score to settle with somebody — tener* que arreglar cuentas con alguien, tener* que ajustarle las cuentas a alguien

    to settle old scores — ajustar or saldar (las) cuentas pendientes

    b) ( situation) (colloq)

    I told him about my past, so he knows the score — le hablé de mi pasado, así que está al tanto de la situación

    what's the score? are we going out or not? — ¿qué pasa? or ¿en qué quedamos? ¿salimos o no salimos?

    3) ( Mus)
    a) ( notation) partitura f
    b) (music for show, movie) música f
    4) ( twenty) veintena f

    she lived to be four score years and ten — (liter) vivió hasta los 90 años

    there were scores of people there — había muchísima gente, había montones de gente (fam)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<goal\>\> marcar*, meter, hacer*, anotar(se) (AmL)

    you score 20 points for that — eso te da or (AmL tb) con eso te anotas 20 puntos

    b) (in competition, test) \<\<person\>\> sacar*

    I scored 70% — saqué 70 sobre 100

    c) ( win) \<\<success\>\> lograr, conseguir*
    2) (cut, mark) \<\<surface/paper\>\> marcar*
    3) ( criticize) (AmE journ) criticar*
    4) ( Mus) \<\<piece\>\> ( write) escribir*, componer*; ( arrange) hacer* un arreglo de

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( Sport) marcar*, anotar(se) (AmL) un tanto
    b) (in competition, test)

    he scored well in the exam — obtuvo or sacó una buena puntuación or (AmL tb) un puntaje alto en el examen

    2) ( do well) destacar(se)*

    to score OVER something/somebody — aventajar or superar a algo/alguien

    3) ( obtain drugs) (sl) conseguir* droga, conectar (Méx arg)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [skɔː(r)]
    1. N
    1) (in game, match) (=result) resultado m ; (=goal) gol m, tanto m ; (at cards, in test, competition) puntuación f, puntaje m (LAm)

    there's no score yet — están a cero; (in commentary) no se ha abierto el marcador todavía

    what's the score? — ¿cómo van?, ¿cómo va el marcador?

    we give each entry a score out of ten — damos una puntuación or (LAm) un puntaje de uno a diez a cada participante

    with the score at 40-0 she has three match points — con 40-0 a su favor, tiene tres bolas de partido

    • to keep (the) score — (Sport) llevar la cuenta; (Cards) sumar los puntos

    2)

    • the score * (=situation) —

    what's the score? — ¿qué pasa?, ¿qué hubo? (Mex, Chile)

    • you know the score — ya estás al cabo de la calle or de lo que pasa *, ya estás al tanto

    3) (=subject)

    • you've got no worries on that score — en ese sentido or aspecto no tienes por qué preocuparte

    4) (=dispute)

    • to have a score to settle with sb — tener cuentas pendientes con algn

    • to settle or pay off old scores (with sb) — saldar las cuentas pendientes (con algn)

    5) (Mus) partitura f ; [of show, play] música f ; [of film] banda f sonora (original)

    • film score — banda f sonora (original)

    • piano score — partitura para piano

    • vocal score — partitura para voz

    6) (=line) (on card) raya f, línea f ; (=scratch) (on wood) marca f, muesca f
    7) (=twenty) veintena f

    three score years and ten — liter 70 años

    scores of people — montones de gente *, muchísima gente

    2. VT
    1) (Sport) [+ points] conseguir, anotarse (LAm), apuntarse (LAm); [+ runs] hacer; [+ goal, try] marcar

    to score a hit — (Shooting) dar en el blanco

    to score a run — (Baseball) hacer una carrera

    2) (in exam, test, competition) [+ marks, points] sacar

    to score 75% in an exam — sacar 75 sobre 100 en un examen

    she scored well in the test — sacó or obtuvo buena nota en el test

    if you answered yes, score five points — si contestó "sí", saca or suma cinco puntos

    3) [+ success, victory] conseguir

    he's certainly scored a hit with the voters/with his latest novel — no cabe la menor duda de que ha impresionado a los votantes/ha tenido mucho éxito con su última novela

    4) (Mus) [+ piece] instrumentar, orquestar
    5) (=cut) [+ meat] hacer unos pequeños cortes en; (=mark) [+ line] marcar

    her face was weathered, scored with lines — su rostro estaba curtido y surcado de arrugas

    6) ** [+ drugs] conseguir, comprar, pillar (Sp) **
    3. VI
    1) (Sport) marcar

    no one has scored yet — aún no ha marcado nadie; (in commentary) aún no se ha abierto el marcador

    that's where he scores (over the others) — (fig) en eso es en lo que tiene más ventaja (sobre los demás)

    2) (=keep score) (Sport) llevar la cuenta; (Cards) sumar los puntos
    3) ** (=buy drugs) conseguir drogas, pillar (Sp) **

    to score with sb — (=have sex) acostarse con algn; (=get off with) ligarse a algn

    4.
    CPD

    score draw N — (Ftbl) empate m

    no-score draw — empate m a cero

    * * *
    [skɔːr, skɔː(r)]
    I
    1)
    a) ( in game)

    what's the score? — ¿cómo van?, ¿cómo va el marcador?

    what was the score? — ¿cómo terminó el partido (or encuentro etc)?

    score draw — (BrE) empate m

    no-score draw — (BrE) empate m a cero

    b) (in competition, test etc) puntuación f, puntaje m (AmL)
    2)
    a) ( account)

    I have no worries on that score — en lo que a eso se refiere, no me preocupo

    to have a score to settle — tener* una cuenta pendiente

    to have a score to settle with somebody — tener* que arreglar cuentas con alguien, tener* que ajustarle las cuentas a alguien

    to settle old scores — ajustar or saldar (las) cuentas pendientes

    b) ( situation) (colloq)

    I told him about my past, so he knows the score — le hablé de mi pasado, así que está al tanto de la situación

    what's the score? are we going out or not? — ¿qué pasa? or ¿en qué quedamos? ¿salimos o no salimos?

    3) ( Mus)
    a) ( notation) partitura f
    b) (music for show, movie) música f
    4) ( twenty) veintena f

    she lived to be four score years and ten — (liter) vivió hasta los 90 años

    there were scores of people there — había muchísima gente, había montones de gente (fam)


    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( Sport) \<\<goal\>\> marcar*, meter, hacer*, anotar(se) (AmL)

    you score 20 points for that — eso te da or (AmL tb) con eso te anotas 20 puntos

    b) (in competition, test) \<\<person\>\> sacar*

    I scored 70% — saqué 70 sobre 100

    c) ( win) \<\<success\>\> lograr, conseguir*
    2) (cut, mark) \<\<surface/paper\>\> marcar*
    3) ( criticize) (AmE journ) criticar*
    4) ( Mus) \<\<piece\>\> ( write) escribir*, componer*; ( arrange) hacer* un arreglo de

    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( Sport) marcar*, anotar(se) (AmL) un tanto
    b) (in competition, test)

    he scored well in the exam — obtuvo or sacó una buena puntuación or (AmL tb) un puntaje alto en el examen

    2) ( do well) destacar(se)*

    to score OVER something/somebody — aventajar or superar a algo/alguien

    3) ( obtain drugs) (sl) conseguir* droga, conectar (Méx arg)
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > score

  • 10 score

    § ნიშანი; ანგარიში; ოცეული; ნიშნის დადება, ჩანიშვნა, დანიშვნა
    §
    1 ანგარიში
    at the end of the first half the score was 3 to 1 პირველი ნახევრის ბოლოს ანგარიში იყო სამით ერთი
    to pay / settle / wipe off an old score სამაგიეროს გადახდა, შურისძიება
    ●●you needn't worry on that score ეგ ნუ გაწუხებს // ამაზე ნუ იღელვებ
    2 მიზეზი
    3 ოცეული, ოცი
    4 ნაკვალევი, ნიშანი, ნაჭდევი, ჭდე
    5 პარტიტურა (სიმფონიისა, ოპერისა)
    6 ბურთის გატანა (ბურთს გაიტანს)
    7 გაფხაჭნა (გაფხაჭნის)
    his note-book was scored in red pencil მისი რვეული წითელი ფანქრით იყო გადაჯღაბნილი
    the mountain side is scored by torrents მთის ფერდი ნიაღვრებისგანაა დაღარული / დასერილი
    8 მუსიკალური ნაწარმოების მისადაგება რომელიმე საკრავისათვის
    9 მიღწევა (მიაღწევს)
    10 ჯობნა (აჯობებს)

    English-Georgian dictionary > score

  • 11 ♦ score

    ♦ score /skɔ:(r)/
    n.
    1 frego; linea; segno; tacca; tratto ( di penna); rigatura; (geol.) scanalatura, striatura; to make a score in the tally, fare una tacca sulla taglia (o sul legnetto); The rock was covered with scores, la roccia era coperta di striature
    2 conto; debito; scotto: to run up a score, far debiti; indebitarsi
    3 ( sport) score; punteggio; segnatura; punti; risultato: The score was four-nil, il punteggio è stato di quattro a zero; to keep ( the) score, segnare i punti; the final score, il risultato finale; to level the score, andare in pareggio NOTA D'USO: - result o score?-
    4 ( calcio, ecc.) segnatura; marcatura; gol; rete
    5 (spec. USA: d'un esame, di un test) risultato, punteggio, votazione
    6 ventina; gruppo di venti ( cose o persone): four score men, un'ottantina di uomini; by the score, in gran numero
    7 (mus.) partitura; spartito, musica: full score, partitura d'orchestra; short score, partitura per pianoforte; musical score, partitura; film score, colonna sonora
    8 (fam.) punto a favore; stoccata (fig.)
    9 (fam.) conto in sospeso (fig.): He's got a score to settle with her, ha un (vecchio) conto in sospeso con lei
    10 (fam.) colpo di fortuna; fortuna; colpo riuscito, colpaccio: What a score!, che fortuna!
    11 (fam.) successo ( di pubblico): a new score on Broadway, un nuovo successo a Broadway
    12 (fam.) successo ( al gioco); denaro vinto ( al gioco, alle corse)
    13 (fam.) denaro rubato; malloppo
    15 (fam.) colpo grosso ( della malavita): to make a good score, fare un colpo grosso
    16 (fam.) nòcciolo della questione; come stanno le cose; conclusione: I knew the score from the start, fin dall'inizio sapevo come stavano le cose; The score is that you've lost your job, in conclusione, hai perso il lavoro
    17 ( slang) incontro segreto; rapporto sessuale
    18 ( slang) cliente ( di prostituta o di gigolo); marchetta (volg.)
    20 ( slang USA) pacchetto di droga; acquisto di droga
    ● ( boxe) score cards, cartellini dei giudici □ ( calcio) score draw, pareggio con segnatura di gol □ score line, linea di demarcazione (o di confine) □ score mark, frego; striscione (fam.): score marks on the floor, striscioni ( segni di mobili spostati, ecc.) sul pavimento □ half a score, una decina □ on the score of, a causa di; a motivo di □ on more scores than one, per più di un motivo □ on that score, per quel motivo; sul quel punto, al riguardo: You may be ( o rest) easy on that score, puoi stare tranquillo al riguardo □ (fig.) to quit scores with sb., fare i conti con q. □ On what score?, per quale motivo? a che titolo?
    ♦ (to) score /skɔ:(r)/
    A v. t.
    1 segnare; intaccare; far tacche in; graffiare; marcare; rigare; (geol.) striare: The translation had been scored with a red ball-point pen, la traduzione era stata segnata (o corretta) con una biro rossa; His face was scored with anxiety, aveva il viso segnato dall'ansia
    2 ( spesso to score up) annotare; mettere in conto; registrare; tenere a mente ( un'offesa, ecc.)
    3 ( sport) segnare ( una rete, un canestro, ecc.); fare, realizzare ( un punto); ( boxe, scherma) mettere a segno, portare ( colpi, stoccate); DIALOGO → - Discussing football- They made some good chances in the first half but just couldn't score, hanno creato delle buone opportunità nel primo tempo ma non sono riusciti a segnare; DIALOGO → - Discussing sport- Did you see that goal England scored the other day?, hai visto il gol che ha segnato l'Inghilterra l'altro giorno? NOTA D'USO: - to realize o to score?-
    4 ( sport) valere, contare ( un certo numero di punti)
    5 ( sport) aggiudicare; assegnare ( un certo numero di) punti a ( un pugile, ecc.): The Russian judge scored him 21 ( o 21 to him), il giudice russo gli ha assegnato ventuno punti
    6 (fig.) ottenere; riportare: to score a success, riportare un successo
    8 (mus.) orchestrare; comporre la musica per ( un film, ecc.)
    9 ( USA) correggere, valutare ( elaborati, compiti, ecc.; cfr. ingl. to mark)
    10 (fam. USA) criticare; biasimare; rimproverare
    12 ( slang USA) procurare, trovare ( droga)
    13 ( slang USA) assassinare; uccidere
    B v. i.
    1 ( sport) andare a segno; segnare; fare punti; andare a rete (o a canestro); andare in gol; centrare la porta; insaccare (fam.): Our team failed to score, la nostra squadra non è riuscita a segnare
    2 ( sport) segnare i punti (o il punteggio); fare il segnapunti: Will you score?, vuoi segnare tu i punti?
    3 ottenere un punteggio; riportare un voto (o una votazione: a un esame): to score high (o well) riportare voti alti; ottenere un buon punteggio
    4 (fam.) avere successo; riuscire; fare centro, fare colpo (fig.): That is where he scores, è lì che ha successo; The film scored with the critics, il film ha incontrato il favore della critica
    5 ( slang) fare sesso; farsi una donna, scopare (volg.)
    ● ( calcio) to score from the penalty spot, trasformare dal dischetto □ to score a win, ottenere una vittoria; vincere □ ( calcio e fig.) to score an own goal, fare autogol □ (mecc.) scored cylinder, cilindro rigato □ (fig.) to score points, ( in un dibattito) avere la meglio su q.; mettere sotto q. (fam.).

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ score

  • 12 score

    n. resultaat; puntenstelsel; winstpunt; rangschikking; tientallig; schuld; rekening; partituur; aantekening; spleet, snee
    --------
    v. bereiken, winnen, hoog scoren; hoge punten krijgen; aantekenen; spleet, snee
    score1
    [ sko:] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉
    1  stand ⇒ puntentotaal, score
    2 〈 voornamelijk enkelvoud〉 (doel)punt 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 ⇒ rake opmerking; succes
    3 getrokken/ingesneden lijn ⇒ kerf, kras; striem, schram; lijn
    5  rekening ⇒ schuld
    6  grief
    7  onderwerp ⇒ thema, punt
    8 〈 muziek〉 partituur ⇒ 〈 bij uitbreiding〉 muziek 〈voor musical e.d.〉
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   what is the score? • hoeveel staat het?
         keep (the) score • de stand bijhouden
         level the score • gelijkmaken
    2   〈 figuurlijk〉 make a score against/off one's opponent • een punt scoren tegen zijn tegenstander
    4   on more scores than one • om meer dan één reden
         on the score of • vanwege
         on that score • daarom
    5   pay one's score • de rekening vereffenen
         run up a score • in de schulden raken
    6   pay off/settle/wipe off old scores • een oude rekening vereffenen
    7   on the score of food • op het punt van voedsel
         on this/that score • wat dit/dat betreft
    know the score • de stand van zaken weten
    ————————
    score2
    1  scoren ⇒ (doel)punt maken; puntentotaal halen 〈 bijvoorbeeld in test〉
    3 succes hebben/boeken
    ♦voorbeelden:
    〈 informeel〉 score off/against/over someone • iemand aftroeven; iemand de grond in trappen 〈 in debat〉; iemand voor gek zetten
    1 lijn(en) trekken/krassen ⇒ (in)kerven; schrammen
    2 〈+up〉 noteren 〈 schuld, score〉
    3  scoren ⇒ maken 〈 punt〉; 〈 figuurlijk〉 behalen, boeken 〈 succes〉, winnen
    5  toekennen 〈 punten〉 ⇒ geven
    6 een score/puntentotaal halen van 〈 bijvoorbeeld in test〉
    7 〈voornamelijk Amerikaans-Engels; informeel〉 fel bekritiseren ⇒ hekelen
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   score out/through • doorstrepen
    2   score something (up) against/to someone • iets op iemands rekening schrijven 〈 ook figuurlijk〉; iemand iets aanrekenen

    English-Dutch dictionary > score

  • 13 din mal multe motive

    for several reasons
    on more scores than one.

    Română-Engleză dicționar expresii > din mal multe motive

  • 14 счёт

    м.
    1) (расчёт, вычисление) counting, reckoning, calculation

    вести́ стро́гий счёт — keep strict count

    счёт в уме́ — mental arithmetic

    по его́ счёту — according to his reckoning

    2) бух., фин. account

    теку́щий счёт — account current (сокр. a/c)

    лицево́й счёт — personal account

    на счёт кого́-л — on smb's account

    открыва́ть счёт — open an account

    план счёто́в бухга́лтерского учёта — chart of accounts

    гости́ничный счёт — hotel bill

    счёт за телефо́н — (tele)phone bill

    вы́ставить счёт — issue / submit an invoice

    да́йте, пожа́луйста, счёт! (в ресторане) — could we have the bill брит. / check амер., please?

    оплати́ть счёт — pay the bill / invoice

    предъявля́ть счёт (дт.) — present a bill (to)

    4) спорт score

    счёт очко́в — score

    со счётом 3:0 — with a score of 3 goals to nil

    5) муз. time

    счёт на́ два [на́ три] — two [three] time; binary [ternary] measure

    6) обыкн. мн. ( взаимные претензии) accounts, scores

    ли́чные счёты — private reckonings

    ста́рые счёты — old scores

    своди́ть счёты с кем-л — settle a score with smb, square accounts with smb

    своди́ть ста́рые счёты — pay off old scores

    что за счёты!, каки́е мо́гут быть счёты! — who's counting?, who's keeping score?

    ••

    счёту нет (рд., дт.) — they are countless / innumerable

    без счёту — countless, without number

    в счёт (рд.) в знач. предл. — towards; to be counted towards / against

    в счёт до́лга — towards the repayment of one's debt

    рабо́тать в счёт бу́дущего го́да — work towards next year's plan

    сдава́ть ста́рый телеви́зор в счёт поку́пки но́вого — trade in one's old TV for a new one

    быть на хоро́шем [плохо́м] счету́ — be in good [bad] repute; be in smb's good [bad] books

    быть у кого́-л на хоро́шем счету́ — stand well with smb

    в два счёта разг. — in no time at all, in two ticks, in a jiffy; in a wink / flash

    в коне́чном счёте — in the end, finally, in the long run, in the final analysis

    знать счёт деньга́м — know the value of money

    не знать счёта деньга́м — have more money than one can count

    каки́е мо́гут быть счёты!, что за счёты! — ≈ please forget that! (reponse to an offer to return a debt, favour, etc)

    кру́глым счётом — in round numbers

    на счёт (рд.) — 1) ( на чьи-л средства) at the expense (of) 2) в знач. предл. ( в отношении кого-л) on smb's account (of); regarding, concerning

    стро́ить иллю́зии на свой счёт — have illusions about oneself

    замеча́ния на чей-л счёт — remarks aimed at smb

    на счёту́ у кого́-л — to one's name / credit; under one's belt

    на э́тот счёт — in this regard / respect

    на э́тот счёт мо́жете быть споко́йны — you may be easy on that score

    приня́ть что-л на свой счёт — take smth as referring to oneself

    име́ть на своём счету́ (вн.) — have (d) to one's credit

    относи́ть на счёт (рд.) — 1) ( о расходах) make (d) payable (by); include (d) in the expenditure item (of) 2) ( объяснять какими-л причинами) put (d) down (to); ascribe (d) to the fact (that)

    отнесём э́то на счёт представи́тельских расхо́дов — let's include it in the representation / entertainment expenses

    пя́тый по счёту — the fifth in succession

    по большо́му счёту — (if one is to judge) by the highest standards

    поко́нчить счёты с жи́знью — take one's own life

    потеря́ть счёт (дт.) — lose count (of)

    потеря́ть счёт вре́мени — lose track of time

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > счёт

  • 15 счёт

    м.
    1. тк. ед. ( действие) counting, reckoning, calculation

    вести строгий счёт — keep* strict count

    2. бух. account

    на счёт кого-л. — on smb.'s account

    в счёт чего-л. — on account of smth.

    3. (за товар, за работу) bill, account
    4. тк. ед. спорт. score

    со счётом 3:0 — with a score of 3 goals to nil

    5. муз. time

    счёт на два, на три — two, three time; binary, ternary measure

    ♢ на счёт (рд.) — on account (of)

    за счёт (рд.) — at the expense (of); (благодаря чему-л.) by, owing to

    в конечном счёте — in the end, finally, in the long run, in the final analysis

    принять что-л. на свой счёт — take* smth. as referring to oneself

    быть у кого-л. на хорошем счету — stand* well with smb.

    быть на хорошем, дурном счету — be in good, bad repute; be in smb.'s good, bad books идиом.

    сводить счёты с кем-л. — settle a score with smb., square accounts with smb.

    в два счёта разг. — in no time, in two ticks, in a jiffy

    без счёту — countless, without number

    счёту нет — (с сущ. в ед. ч.) very much; (с сущ. во мн. ч.) very many

    пятый, шестой по счёту — the fifth, the sixth in succession

    иметь на своём боевом счету воен. — have to one's credit, have accounted for

    потерять счёт (дт.) — lose* count (of)

    Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > счёт

  • 16 arriba

    adv.
    te esperaremos arriba, en la cumbre we'll wait for you up at the top
    el estante de arriba the top shelf
    vive arriba she lives upstairs
    está aquí/allí arriba it's up here/there
    arriba del todo right at the top
    más arriba further up
    ponlo un poco más arriba put it a bit higher up
    hacia o para arriba up, upward
    calle/escaleras arriba up the street/stairs
    3 above.
    el arriba mencionado… the above-mentioned…
    intj.
    up, up with you.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: arribar.
    * * *
    1 up (encima) on (the) top
    2 (piso) upstairs
    ■ vive arriba he/she lives upstairs
    1 up!
    ■ ¡arriba la República! long live the Republic!, up the Republic!
    \
    de arriba abajo from top to bottom
    hacia arriba upwards
    * * *
    1. adv.
    2) up, upward
    •
    - de arriba abajo
    - hacia arriba     2. interj.
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) [indicando situación] above

    • allí arriba — up there

    • aquí arriba — up here

    • de arriba, el botón de arriba — the top button

    los dientes de arriba — my top o upper row of teeth

    los de arriba — those above; (=los que mandan) the people o those at the top

    • desde arriba — from above

    • está más arriba — it's higher o further up

    2) [indicando dirección]

    de arriba abajo — from top to bottom, from head to foot

    vestida de negro de arriba abajo — dressed completely in black, dressed in black from head to foot

    andar para arriba y para abajo, ir de arriba para abajo — to run back and forth

    • hasta arriba, subí hasta arriba — I climbed to the top

    está hasta arriba de trabajo — * he's up to his eyes in work *

    • llegar arriba — to get to the top

    • "este lado para arriba" — "this side up"

    agua, cuesta, patas
    3) [en casa] upstairs
    4) [en texto] above
    5)

    • arriba de — esp LAm (=encima de) on top of; (=por encima de) above, over; (=más alto que) higher than, further up than; (=más de) more than

    • arriba mío — esp Cono Sur over me, above me, on top of me

    2.
    EXCL (=a levantarse) up you get!

    ¡arriba ese ánimo! — cheer o chin up!

    ¡manos arriba! — hands up!

    ¡arriba el telón! — raise the curtain!

    ¡arriba el Depor! — (Dep) up (with) Depor!

    ¡arriba el socialismo! — long live socialism!

    * * *
    1)
    a) (lugar, parte)

    en el estante de arriba — ( el siguiente) on the shelf above; ( el último) on the top shelf

    de arriba — (RPl fam) free

    de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down; limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom; me empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toe; para tirar para arriba (AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn (colloq); hay hoteles para tirar para arriba — there are hotels galore

    b) ( en edificio) upstairs
    c) (en escala, jerarquía) above

    los de arriba opinan que... — the people at the top believe that...

    2) (expresando dirección, movimiento)

    para arriba y para abajo — (fam) to and fro, back and forth

    3)

    arriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60; con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than 50 pupils; arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe; arriba de la cocina está el baño — (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen

    b) ( expresando estímulo) come on!; ( llamando a levantarse) get up!
    * * *
    Ex. He frequently asks them to shelve books upstairs on the balcony and then stands there looking up their dresses.
    ----
    * andar de arriba para abajo = pace.
    * arriba citado = above-mentioned.
    * citado más arriba = above.
    * cuesta arriba = uphill.
    * de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.
    * de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.
    * de más arriba = topmost [top most].
    * desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.
    * dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en la parte de arriba = at the top.
    * estar arriba = sit on + top.
    * estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * hacia arriba = upwards, upward.
    * hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down.
    * menú desplegable hacia arriba = pop-up menu.
    * mirar a Alguien de arriba abajo = look + Nombre + up and down.
    * mirar de arriba abajo = eye.
    * mirar desde arriba = look down on/upon, look down over.
    * mirar hacia arriba = look up.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * patas arriba = in shambles, topsy-turvy, upside down, all over the place.
    * poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.
    * poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * poner patas arriba = upend.
    * poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.
    * quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.
    * quedarse arriba = sit on + top.
    * río arriba = upriver.
    * sábana de arriba = flat sheet.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (lugar, parte)

    en el estante de arriba — ( el siguiente) on the shelf above; ( el último) on the top shelf

    de arriba — (RPl fam) free

    de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down; limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom; me empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toe; para tirar para arriba (AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn (colloq); hay hoteles para tirar para arriba — there are hotels galore

    b) ( en edificio) upstairs
    c) (en escala, jerarquía) above

    los de arriba opinan que... — the people at the top believe that...

    2) (expresando dirección, movimiento)

    para arriba y para abajo — (fam) to and fro, back and forth

    3)

    arriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60; con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than 50 pupils; arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe; arriba de la cocina está el baño — (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen

    b) ( expresando estímulo) come on!; ( llamando a levantarse) get up!
    * * *

    Ex: He frequently asks them to shelve books upstairs on the balcony and then stands there looking up their dresses.

    * andar de arriba para abajo = pace.
    * arriba citado = above-mentioned.
    * citado más arriba = above.
    * cuesta arriba = uphill.
    * de abajo hacia arriba = bottom-up.
    * de arriba abajo = from top to bottom, from head to toe, from head to foot.
    * de arriba hacia abajo = top-down.
    * de más arriba = topmost [top most].
    * desplazarse hacia arriba = move up.
    * dicho más arriba, lo = foregoing, the.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en la parte de arriba = at the top.
    * estar arriba = sit on + top.
    * estar patas arriba = be a shambles, be (in) a mess.
    * hacia arriba = upwards, upward.
    * hacia arriba y hacia abajo = up and down.
    * menú desplegable hacia arriba = pop-up menu.
    * mirar a Alguien de arriba abajo = look + Nombre + up and down.
    * mirar de arriba abajo = eye.
    * mirar desde arriba = look down on/upon, look down over.
    * mirar hacia arriba = look up.
    * mover la cabeza de arriba abajo = bob.
    * patas arriba = in shambles, topsy-turvy, upside down, all over the place.
    * poner Algo patas arriba = turn + Nombre + inside-out.
    * poner la casa patas arriba = turn + the house upside down.
    * poner las cartas boca arriba = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * poner patas arriba = upend.
    * poner todo patas arriba = turn + everything upside down.
    * quedar patas arriba = flip-flop.
    * quedarse arriba = sit on + top.
    * río arriba = upriver.
    * sábana de arriba = flat sheet.
    * tecla de desplazamiento hacia arriba = ↑ (up) key, up arrow key.

    * * *
    A
    1
    (lugar, parte): está ahí/aquí arriba it's up there/up here
    en el estante de arriba (el siguiente) on the next shelf up, on the shelf above; (el último) on the top shelf
    la sábana de arriba the top sheet
    ponlo un poco más arriba put it (up) a little higher, put it a little further o higher up
    la parte de arriba es de vidrio the top (part) is made of glass
    de arriba ( RPl fam); free
    entramos de arriba we got in free
    vive de arriba, la mujer lo mantiene he doesn't work for a living, his wife keeps him
    de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down
    tengo que limpiar la casa de arriba abajo I have to clean the house from top to bottom
    me empapé de arriba abajo I got soaked from head to toe
    para tirar para arriba ( AmL fam): tienen dinero para tirar para arriba they have money to burn ( colloq), they have loads of money ( colloq)
    hay hoteles para tirar para arriba there are hotels galore, there are any number of hotels, there are loads of hotels ( colloq)
    2 (en un edificio) upstairs
    los vecinos de arriba the people upstairs o above us
    en la calle hace frío, así que te espero arriba it's cold outside, I'll wait for you in the apartment ( o office etc)
    3 (en una escala, jerarquía) above
    órdenes de arriba orders from above
    los de arriba opinan que … the people at the top believe that …
    sólo había gente de 50 para arriba everyone there was 50 or over
    las puntuaciones de 80 para arriba scores of 80 or over o of 80 or more
    los Lakers 13 puntos arriba Lakers 13 points up o ahead
    B
    (expresando dirección, movimiento): corrió escaleras arriba he ran upstairs
    calle arriba up the street
    río arriba upstream, upriver
    miró hacia arriba he looked up
    para arriba y para abajo ( fam); to and fro, back and forth
    me tuvo todo el día para arriba y para abajo he had me running back and forth o to and fro all day
    C
    arriba de: tiene arriba de 60 años she's over 60
    con arriba de 50 alumnos with more than o with over 50 pupils
    arriba del ropero ( AmL); on top of the wardrobe
    arriba de la cocina está el baño ( AmL); the bathroom is above the kitchen
    1
    (expresando aprobación): ¡arriba la democracia! long live democracy!
    * * *

     

    Del verbo arribar: ( conjugate arribar)

    arriba es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    arriba    
    arribar
    arriba adverbio
    1
    a) (lugar, parte):

    ◊ ahí/aquí arriba up there/here;

    en el estante de arriba ( el siguiente) on the shelf above;

    ( el último) on the top shelf;

    la parte de arriba the top (part);
    arriba del ropero (AmL) on top of the wardrobe;
    arriba de la cocina está el baño (AmL) the bathroom is above the kitchen;
    de arriba abajo: me miró de arriba abajo he looked me up and down;
    limpiar la casa de arriba abajo to clean the house from top to bottom


    c) (en escala, jerarquía) above;


    las puntuaciones de 80 para arriba scores of 80 or over
    2 (expresando dirección, movimiento):

    calle arriba up the street;
    miró hacia arriba he looked up
    3 ( en interjecciones)

    ◊ ¡arriba la democracia! long live democracy!


    ( llamando a levantarse) get up!
    arriba
    I adverbio up
    (encima) on the top: arriba del todo hay un reloj, there is a clock right at the top
    está ahí arriba, it's up there
    vive en el piso de arriba, he lives upstairs
    registraron la casa de arriba abajo, they searched the house from top to bottom
    familiar me miró de arriba abajo, he looked me up and down
    de treinta para arriba, from thirty upwards
    desde arriba, from above
    hacia/para arriba, upwards
    más arriba, higher up, further up
    véase más arriba, see above
    la parte de arriba, the top (part)
    II exclamación get up!, up you get!
    ¡arriba la Constitución!, long live the Constitution!
    ¡arriba las manos!, hands up!
    III prep Lam arriba de, on top of: encontrará el pueblo arriba de la montaña, you will find the town at the top of the mountain
    arribar verbo intransitivo to reach port, arrive
    ' arriba' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aire
    - allá
    - allí
    - aquí
    - boca
    - cuesta
    - gorgotear
    - hacia
    - mano
    - pata
    - río
    - subir
    - ahí
    - bajar
    - desnudar
    - desnudo
    - desvestir
    - para
    - parar
    - revés
    - voltear
    - volver
    - vuelta
    - zarandear
    English:
    above
    - aloft
    - bikini
    - boost
    - disarray
    - do
    - eye
    - face
    - glance up
    - higher-up
    - inundate
    - labour
    - reach
    - river
    - round up
    - scroll
    - shake down
    - spectacular
    - take up
    - there
    - top
    - topsy-turvy
    - up
    - uphill
    - upstairs
    - upstream
    - upward
    - upwards
    - way
    - disgrace
    - from
    - hand
    - head
    - high
    - it
    - look
    - plus
    - ransack
    - roll
    - upper
    - upside down
    * * *
    ♦ adv
    1. [posición] [en general] above;
    [en edificio] upstairs;
    me he dejado el paraguas arriba I've left my umbrella up in the Br flat o US apartment;
    te esperaremos arriba, en la cumbre we'll wait for you up at the top;
    de arriba top;
    el estante de arriba the top shelf;
    el apartamento de arriba [el siguiente] the upstairs Br flat o US apartment;
    [el último] the top Br flat o US apartment;
    vive arriba she lives upstairs;
    los vecinos de arriba the upstairs neighbours;
    está aquí/allí arriba it's up here/there;
    arriba del todo right at the top;
    más arriba further up;
    ponlo un poco más arriba put it a bit higher up;
    el Estudiantes va dos puntos arriba Estudiantes are two points up, Estudiantes are winning by two points;
    2. [dirección] up;
    ve arriba [en edificio] go upstairs;
    hacia o [m5] para arriba up, upwards;
    empujar hacia arriba to push upwards;
    calle/escaleras arriba up the street/stairs;
    cuesta arriba uphill;
    río arriba upstream;
    tres bloques más arriba three blocks further along o up
    3. [en una escala]
    los de arriba [los que mandan] those at the top;
    personas de metro y medio para arriba people of one and a half metres or over, people taller than one and a half metres;
    de sargentos para arriba everyone above the rank of sergeant;
    4. [en un texto] above;
    más arriba above;
    el arriba mencionado the above-mentioned
    5. Comp
    Fam
    estar hasta arriba de trabajo to be up to one's neck in work;
    de arriba abajo [cosa] from top to bottom;
    [persona] from head to toe;
    inspeccionar algo de arriba abajo to inspect sth thoroughly;
    mirar a alguien de arriba abajo [con desdén] to look sb up and down;
    RP Fam
    tener algo para tirar para arriba to have loads of sth
    ♦ arriba de loc prep
    Am [sobre, en] on (top of); [en lugar más alto que] above; [más de] more than
    ♦ de arriba loc adv
    RP Fam free;
    a esa disco siempre entro de arriba I always get into that disco for free;
    suele fumar de arriba she's always scrounging cigarettes off people
    ♦ interj
    up you get!;
    ¡arriba, que se hace tarde! come on, get up, it's getting late!;
    ¡arriba….! up (with)…!;
    ¡arriba la república! long live the republic!;
    ¡arriba los mineros! long live the miners!, Br up the miners!;
    ¡arriba las manos! hands up!
    * * *
    I adv
    ponlo ahí arriba put it up there;
    el cajón de arriba siguiente the next drawer up, the drawer above; último the top drawer;
    más arriba higher (up), further up;
    arriba del todo right at the top;
    las plantas de arriba the top floors;
    los de arriba the ones on top;
    arriba mencionado above-mentioned;
    véase arriba see above;
    de o
    desde arriba from above;
    arriba de above; ( encima de) on top of;
    volver lo de arriba abajo turn everything upside down
    2 en edificio upstairs;
    vete arriba go upstairs
    sigan hacia arriba keep going up;
    me miró de arriba abajo fig she looked me up and down
    :
    de diez para arriba ten or above;
    de cincuenta (años) para arriba over 50, 50 and over
    II prp
    :
    arriba de L.Am. on, on top of
    III interj
    :
    ¡arriba! long live …!
    * * *
    arriba adv
    1) : up, upwards
    2) : above, overhead
    3) : upstairs
    4)
    arriba de : more than
    5)
    de arriba abajo : from top to bottom, from head to foot
    * * *
    arriba1 adv
    2. (en un edificio) upstairs
    arriba2 interj come on!

    Spanish-English dictionary > arriba

  • 17 superar

    v.
    1 to beat.
    queremos superar los resultados del año pasado we want to improve on o beat last year's results
    me superó por dos décimas de segundo she beat me by two tenths of a second
    superar algo/a alguien en algo to beat something/somebody for something
    nos superan en número they outnumber us
    me supera en altura/inteligencia he's taller/cleverer than me
    2 to overtake, to pass.
    3 to overcome.
    superar un examen to get through an exam
    tener algo superado to have got over something
    Ellos superan la adversidad They overcome adversity.
    4 to surpass, to exceed, to best, to excel.
    María supera a sus colegas Mary surpasses her colleagues.
    5 to outdo, to win over.
    * * *
    1 (exceder) to surpass, exceed, excel
    2 (obstáculo etc) to overcome, surmount
    1 (sobrepasarse) to excel oneself
    2 (mejorarse) to improve oneself, better oneself
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=aventajar) [+ contrincante, adversario] to overcome; [+ límite] to go beyond; [+ récord, marca] to break

    superar a algn en algo: superó al adversario en cuatro puntos — she beat her opponent by four points

    2) (=pasar con éxito) [+ dificultad] to overcome; [+ enfermedad, crisis] to get over
    3) [+ etapa] to get past
    4) [+ prueba, examen] to pass
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (ser superior a, mayor que) to exceed, go beyond
    b) ( mejorar) < marca> to beat
    2)
    a) (vencer, sobreponerse a) <timidez/dificultad/etapa> to overcome; < trauma> to get over
    b) (frml) <examen/prueba> to pass
    2.
    superarse v pron to better oneself
    * * *
    = beat, circumvent, go beyond, outperform [out-perform], outweigh, overcome, overtake, score over, outgrow, surpass, survive, go far beyond, extend + far beyond, top, outbalance, outrank, weather, get through, one-up, outwit, outdo, outsmart, ride out, exceed, outfox, go + past, outrun [out-run], best, trump, move on from, go + one better.
    Ex. It would certainly beat the usual file clerk.
    Ex. Plainly, the familiarization stage is circumvented in a computer-based indexing system with machine-assigned terms.
    Ex. Maybe the answer is some kind of localized Ceefax or Oracle information service that could be obtained free through one's television set but went beyond the mainly trivia that these services currently provide.
    Ex. Numerous experiment have tried to determine if free-text searching outperform searching with the aid of a controlled index language.
    Ex. It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing seeks to overcome physical packaging.
    Ex. Why have card-based systems been overtaken by computer databases?.
    Ex. A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex. We outgrow the school, we cannot outgrow the library.
    Ex. The advantages of the system far surpass any disadvantages.
    Ex. The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.
    Ex. These changes in the physical form of the catalog have implications which go far beyond changes in form or even in improvements in speed and convenience to the catalog user.
    Ex. We have seen that the relationships of the Publications Office with the institutions and other bodies of the European Communities may in theory, but do not yet in practice extend far beyond those with the six managing institutions.
    Ex. As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.
    Ex. The large profits to be made in this field will outbalance the problems that may lie ahead.
    Ex. One node in the star graphic completely outranks the others, while the other six themselves are interchangeable.
    Ex. The small publishers seem to be weathering the industry changes, and have expectations of growth.
    Ex. I think that the so-called average person often exhibits a great deal of heroism in getting through an ordinary day.
    Ex. This remake of William Castle's action adventure adds a genuinely supernatural plot to the old story of the duplicitous wife scheming to kill her husband but being one-upped by his even more ingenious counterplots.
    Ex. Two dangerous trysts are spied upon by a third and hostile party, whose presence is detected by the lovers who act in consort to outwit him.
    Ex. This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.
    Ex. Smart and speedy start-ups blindside mature companies with their inventiveness then grow up into mature companies and are outsmarted in their turn.
    Ex. Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex. In the same way, files of item record cards can be difficult to manage if the file size exceeds, say, 2000 cards.
    Ex. It also led to a continuing guerilla war between the authorities and caricaturists who sought to evade, outfox, or entirely defy them.
    Ex. Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.
    Ex. But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
    Ex. Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.
    Ex. If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.
    Ex. He is moving on from the past and looking forward to a tremendous future helping to educate parents from his personal experiences.
    Ex. I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.
    ----
    * ayudar a superar = get + Nombre + through.
    * capaz de adaptarse y superar adversidades = resilient.
    * con el propósito de superarse uno mismo = self-improvement-oriented.
    * nada supera a = nothing beats....
    * no superar la prueba de = not stand the test of.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * sin ser superado = unsurpassed.
    * superar Algo = put + Nombre + behind.
    * superar barreras = hurdle + barriers.
    * superar el intento = resist + effort.
    * superar el miedo = overcome + Posesivo + fear, conquer + fear.
    * superar el nerviosismo = overcome + nervousness.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar en número = outnumber.
    * superar la barrera del tiempo = cross + time barriers.
    * superar la etapa de = move on from.
    * superar las expectativas = exceed + expectations.
    * superarse a sí mismo = pull + Reflexivo + up(wards) by + Posesivo + (own) bootstraps.
    * superarse a Uno Mismo = make + the best of + Reflexivo.
    * superarse para hacer frente a Algo = rise to + meet.
    * superar una barrera = conquer + barrier.
    * superar una crisis = ford + crisis, survive + crisis.
    * superar una deficiencia = overcome + weakness.
    * superar una dificultad = overcome + difficulty, get over + difficulty.
    * superar una limitación = overcome + limitation, tackle + limitation.
    * superar un análisis minucioso = stand up to + scrutiny, stand up to + examination.
    * superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.
    * superar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * superar un peligro = overcome + danger.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * verse superado sólo por = be second only to.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (ser superior a, mayor que) to exceed, go beyond
    b) ( mejorar) < marca> to beat
    2)
    a) (vencer, sobreponerse a) <timidez/dificultad/etapa> to overcome; < trauma> to get over
    b) (frml) <examen/prueba> to pass
    2.
    superarse v pron to better oneself
    * * *
    = beat, circumvent, go beyond, outperform [out-perform], outweigh, overcome, overtake, score over, outgrow, surpass, survive, go far beyond, extend + far beyond, top, outbalance, outrank, weather, get through, one-up, outwit, outdo, outsmart, ride out, exceed, outfox, go + past, outrun [out-run], best, trump, move on from, go + one better.

    Ex: It would certainly beat the usual file clerk.

    Ex: Plainly, the familiarization stage is circumvented in a computer-based indexing system with machine-assigned terms.
    Ex: Maybe the answer is some kind of localized Ceefax or Oracle information service that could be obtained free through one's television set but went beyond the mainly trivia that these services currently provide.
    Ex: Numerous experiment have tried to determine if free-text searching outperform searching with the aid of a controlled index language.
    Ex: It may be decided that the practical impediments to the distribution and assignment of such numbers outweigh their potential usefulness.
    Ex: Analytical cataloguing seeks to overcome physical packaging.
    Ex: Why have card-based systems been overtaken by computer databases?.
    Ex: A Permuterm index scores over a Double-KWIC index in that it avoids repetitive printing of one title.
    Ex: We outgrow the school, we cannot outgrow the library.
    Ex: The advantages of the system far surpass any disadvantages.
    Ex: The chairwoman of the board had decided that as part of the screening process those who had successfully survived the initial winnowing should furnish the board with tangible evidence of how they might perform on a specific assignment.
    Ex: These changes in the physical form of the catalog have implications which go far beyond changes in form or even in improvements in speed and convenience to the catalog user.
    Ex: We have seen that the relationships of the Publications Office with the institutions and other bodies of the European Communities may in theory, but do not yet in practice extend far beyond those with the six managing institutions.
    Ex: As public library circ declines, spending continues to top inflation.
    Ex: The large profits to be made in this field will outbalance the problems that may lie ahead.
    Ex: One node in the star graphic completely outranks the others, while the other six themselves are interchangeable.
    Ex: The small publishers seem to be weathering the industry changes, and have expectations of growth.
    Ex: I think that the so-called average person often exhibits a great deal of heroism in getting through an ordinary day.
    Ex: This remake of William Castle's action adventure adds a genuinely supernatural plot to the old story of the duplicitous wife scheming to kill her husband but being one-upped by his even more ingenious counterplots.
    Ex: Two dangerous trysts are spied upon by a third and hostile party, whose presence is detected by the lovers who act in consort to outwit him.
    Ex: This novel is narrated by William, an underachiever who is constantly outdone by his charming and lovable identical twin brother.
    Ex: Smart and speedy start-ups blindside mature companies with their inventiveness then grow up into mature companies and are outsmarted in their turn.
    Ex: Without any significant restructuring, the LIS programme in Iran will provide little in the way of riding out the rapid transition that the field is currently experiencing.
    Ex: In the same way, files of item record cards can be difficult to manage if the file size exceeds, say, 2000 cards.
    Ex: It also led to a continuing guerilla war between the authorities and caricaturists who sought to evade, outfox, or entirely defy them.
    Ex: Unfortunately, its conclusions are completely pedestrian, rarely going past the fact that there were old people in England in the late Middle Ages.
    Ex: But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
    Ex: Back in 2001, the tossed salad they prepared fed some 5,000, which then bested the record held by a community in Utah in the United States.
    Ex: If prejudice is allowed to trump the rights that all citizens should enjoy, then everyone's freedoms are ultimately endangered.
    Ex: He is moving on from the past and looking forward to a tremendous future helping to educate parents from his personal experiences.
    Ex: I think Murray will go one better than Wimbledon, but will lose to Federer again in the final.
    * ayudar a superar = get + Nombre + through.
    * capaz de adaptarse y superar adversidades = resilient.
    * con el propósito de superarse uno mismo = self-improvement-oriented.
    * nada supera a = nothing beats....
    * no superar la prueba de = not stand the test of.
    * ser difícil de superar = take + some beating.
    * sin ser superado = unsurpassed.
    * superar Algo = put + Nombre + behind.
    * superar barreras = hurdle + barriers.
    * superar el intento = resist + effort.
    * superar el miedo = overcome + Posesivo + fear, conquer + fear.
    * superar el nerviosismo = overcome + nervousness.
    * superar el problema de credibilidad = overcome + credibility gap.
    * superar en número = outnumber.
    * superar la barrera del tiempo = cross + time barriers.
    * superar la etapa de = move on from.
    * superar las expectativas = exceed + expectations.
    * superarse a sí mismo = pull + Reflexivo + up(wards) by + Posesivo + (own) bootstraps.
    * superarse a Uno Mismo = make + the best of + Reflexivo.
    * superarse para hacer frente a Algo = rise to + meet.
    * superar una barrera = conquer + barrier.
    * superar una crisis = ford + crisis, survive + crisis.
    * superar una deficiencia = overcome + weakness.
    * superar una dificultad = overcome + difficulty, get over + difficulty.
    * superar una limitación = overcome + limitation, tackle + limitation.
    * superar un análisis minucioso = stand up to + scrutiny, stand up to + examination.
    * superar una situación difícil = weather + the bumpy ride, weather + the storm.
    * superar un examen = pass + examination, pass + an exam.
    * superar un obstáculo = overcome + obstacle, jump over + hurdle, overcome + barrier, conquer + barrier.
    * superar un peligro = overcome + danger.
    * superar un problema = surmount + problem, conquer + problem, get over + problem.
    * verse superado sólo por = be second only to.

    * * *
    superar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (ser superior a, mayor que) to exceed, go beyond
    un éxito que supera todas las expectativas a success which goes beyond o exceeds o surpasses all expectations
    la realidad supera a la ficción fact o truth is stranger than fiction
    el horror de estas escenas supera todo lo imaginable the horror of these scenes goes beyond anything one could imagine
    nadie lo supera en experiencia ni habilidad nobody can surpass him in experience or skill, nobody can surpass his experience or skill
    nos superan en número they outnumber us
    supera en estatura a su hermano mayor he's taller than his elder brother
    supera en tres puntos la cifra de ayer it is three points higher than yesterday's figure, it surpasses yesterday's figure by three points
    2 (mejorar) to beat
    logró superar su propio récord he managed to beat his own record
    ese método está totalmente superado that method has been completely superseded
    B
    1 (vencer, sobreponerse a) ‹timidez/dificultad/etapa› to overcome
    trata de superar estas diferencias try to overcome o get over these differences
    no ha logrado superar el trauma que le supuso el accidente he has not got(ten) over the trauma of the accident
    ya hemos superado la etapa más difícil we've already got(ten) through o over the most difficult stage
    hace tres meses que rompimos pero ya lo tengo superado we split up three months ago but I've got(ten) over it o I'm over it now
    2 ( frml); ‹examen/prueba› to pass
    to better oneself
    * * *

     

    superar ( conjugate superar) verbo transitivo
    1


    nadie lo supera en experiencia no one has more experience than him;
    supera en estatura a su hermano he's taller than his brother
    b) ( mejorar) ‹ marca› to beat

    2
    a) (vencer, sobreponerse a) ‹timidez/dificultad/etapa› to overcome;

    ‹ trauma› to get over
    b) (frml) ‹examen/prueba› to pass

    superarse verbo pronominal
    to better oneself
    superar verbo transitivo
    1 (estar por encima de) to exceed: tu hermana te supera en altura, your sister is taller than you
    la temperatura superó los treinta grados, the temperature rose above thirty degrees
    (expectativas) esto supera todo lo imaginado, this defies the imagination
    (un récord, una marca) to beat, break
    2 (pasar, sobreponerse) to overcome
    (un examen) to pass, get through
    ' superar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    atonía
    - ganar
    - sacar
    - salir
    - salvar
    - sobreponerse
    - vencer
    - volver
    - cabeza
    - creces
    - exceder
    - marca
    English:
    beat
    - beating
    - carry through
    - coast
    - corner
    - deal with
    - excel
    - get over
    - get past
    - handicap
    - improve on
    - outdo
    - outnumber
    - overcome
    - overtake
    - pull through
    - surmount
    - surpass
    - top
    - exceed
    - get
    - negotiate
    - out
    - over
    - rise
    - shrug
    - survive
    - transcend
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [aventajar] to beat;
    superar algo/a alguien en algo to beat sth/sb for sth;
    nos superan en número they outnumber us;
    me supera en altura/inteligencia he's taller/cleverer than me
    2. [sobrepasar] [récord] to break;
    queremos superar los resultados del año pasado we want to improve on o beat last year's results;
    me superó por dos décimas de segundo she beat me by two tenths of a second
    3. [adelantar] to overtake, to pass;
    superó a su rival en la recta final she overtook her rival on the home straight
    4. [época, técnica]
    estar superado to have been superseded
    5. [complejo, crisis, enfermedad] to overcome, to get over;
    no ha superado la pérdida de su mujer he has not overcome the loss of his wife;
    tener algo superado to have got over sth
    6. [examen, prueba] to pass
    * * *
    v/t persona beat; límite go beyond, exceed; obstáculo overcome, surmount
    * * *
    1) : to surpass, to exceed
    2) : to overcome, to surmount
    * * *
    1. (vencer problema, etc) to overcome [pt. overcame; pp. overcome]
    2. (pasar) to pass
    3. (ser mejor) to be better / to surpass
    4. (ser más) to be more / to be over
    el porcentaje de aprobados supera el 85% the percentage of passes is over 85%

    Spanish-English dictionary > superar

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 19 score

    score [skɔ:(r)]
    score ⇒ 1 (a) points ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) note ⇒ 1 (a) avantage ⇒ 1 (b) titre ⇒ 1 (c) partition ⇒ 1 (d) entaille ⇒ 1 (e) rayure ⇒ 1 (e) vingtaine ⇒ 1 (f) marquer ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a), 3 (b) obtenir ⇒ 2 (a) érafler ⇒ 2 (b)
    1 noun
    (a) Sport score m; Cards points mpl; (in exam, test → mark) note f; (→ result) résultat m;
    ∎ the score was five-nil le score était de cinq à zéro;
    ∎ after 20 minutes there was still no score après 20 minutes le score était toujours zéro à zéro;
    ∎ to get a high score Sport, Cards & (in games) faire beaucoup de points; (in test) obtenir une bonne note;
    ∎ to keep the score Sport tenir le score; Cards & (in games) compter ou marquer les points; (on scorecard) tenir la marque;
    ∎ the final score (gen) le résultat final; Sport le score final;
    ∎ what's the score? Sport quel est le score?; Cards & (in games) on a marqué combien de points?; (in tennis) où en est le jeu?; familiar figurative qu'est-ce qui se passe?□ ;
    ∎ familiar figurative to know the score connaître le topo, savoir à quoi s'en tenir□
    (b) figurative (advantage → in debate etc) avantage m, points mpl;
    ∎ to make a score off an opponent marquer des points sur son adversaire
    (c) (reason, motive) sujet m, titre m;
    ∎ don't worry on that score ne vous inquiétez pas à ce sujet;
    ∎ he deserved to be rejected on more than one score il méritait d'être refusé à plus d'un titre;
    ∎ on what score was I turned down? à quel titre ou sous quel prétexte ai-je été refusé?
    (d) Music partition f; Cinema & Theatre musique f;
    ∎ piano/vocal score partition f pour piano/vocale;
    ∎ to follow the score suivre (sur) la partition;
    ∎ Cleo wrote the (film) score Cleo est l'auteur de la musique (du film)
    (e) (notch, deep cut) entaille f; (scratch) rayure f; Geology (in rock) strie f
    (f) (twenty) vingtaine f;
    ∎ archaic three score and ten soixante-dix
    (g) scores (many) beaucoup;
    ∎ scores of people beaucoup de gens;
    ∎ I've told you scores of times je vous l'ai dit des centaines de fois;
    ∎ motorbikes by the score un nombre incroyable de motos
    (h) (debt, account) compte m;
    ∎ figurative to have an old score to settle with sb avoir un vieux compte à régler avec qn;
    ∎ I prefer to forget old scores je préfère oublier les vieilles histoires
    (a) Sport (goal, point, try) marquer; (in test, exam → marks) obtenir;
    ∎ to score 5 goals/50 points for one's team marquer 5 buts/50 points pour son équipe;
    ∎ she scored the highest mark elle a obtenu ou eu la note la plus élevée;
    ∎ to score a hit (with bullet, arrow, bomb) atteindre la cible; (in fencing) toucher; figurative (of idea etc) faire un tabac; (of person) faire des ravages;
    ∎ the bomber scored a direct hit le bombardier a visé en plein sur la cible;
    ∎ figurative to score a success remporter un succès;
    ∎ figurative he scored a point off me right at the start of the debate il a marqué un point dès le début du débat qui nous opposait;
    ∎ he's always trying to score points off me il essaie toujours d'avoir le dessus avec moi
    (b) (scratch) érafler; (cut a line in → paper) couper; (→ wood) entailler; (→ ground) tracer une raie sur; (→ pastry, meat) inciser, faire des incisions dans; Geology (→ rock) strier;
    ∎ she scored her name on the bench elle grava son nom sur le banc;
    ∎ mountainside scored by torrents flanc m de montagne creusé ou raviné par les torrents;
    ∎ water had scored grooves into the rock l'eau avait creusé des rainures dans le rocher
    (c) Music (symphony, opera) orchestrer; Cinema & Theatre composer la musique de;
    ∎ the piece is scored for six trombones/treble voices le morceau est écrit pour six trombones/pour soprano
    (d) American (grade, mark → test) noter
    (a) Sport (team, player) marquer un point/des points; Football marquer un but/des buts; (in rugby) marquer un essai/des essais; (in basketball) marquer un panier/des paniers;
    ∎ the team didn't score l'équipe n'a pas marqué;
    ∎ to score high/low (in test) obtenir un bon/mauvais score
    (b) (keep the score) marquer les points;
    ∎ would you mind scoring for us? vous voulez bien marquer les points pour nous?
    (c) familiar (succeed) avoir du succès□, réussir□ ;
    ∎ he certainly scores with the girls il a du succès auprès des filles, c'est sûr;
    ∎ that's where we score c'est là que nous l'emportons□, c'est là que nous avons l'avantage□ ;
    ∎ this is where the new Renault really scores c'est là que la nouvelle Renault est vraiment super;
    ∎ he scores on looks but not much else il est mignon mais ça s'arrête là
    (d) familiar (sexually) lever quelqu'un, emballer quelqu'un;
    ∎ did you score? tu as réussi à lever une nana/un mec?
    (e) familiar drugs slang (get drugs) acheter de la came
    ►► Football score draw match m nul (où chaque équipe a marqué)
    (win point in argument etc) prendre l'avantage sur, marquer des points sur
    (delete) rayer, barrer;
    ∎ score his name off the list rayez son nom de la liste
    British biffer, barrer
    (b) (be more successful than) avoir l'avantage sur
    (a) (points) marquer
    (b) (debt) marquer, noter

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > score

  • 20 gleich

    I Adj.
    1. (übereinstimmend) same, präd. the same; (identisch) identical; Bezahlung, Rechte etc.: equal; (einheitlich) uniform; fast gleich very similar; in gleicher Weise (in) the same way; zu gleichen Teilen equally; zu gleicher Zeit at the same time, simultaneously; gleiches Recht für alle equal rights for all; gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit equal pay for equal work; gleiche Rechte, gleiche Pflichten Sprichw. equal rights, equal responsibilities; das Gleiche oder Gleiches gilt für the same applies to (umg. goes for); es kommt oder läuft aufs Gleiche hinaus oder das bleibt sich gleich umg. it doesn’t make any difference, it comes ( oder boils) down to the same thing; alle Menschen sind gleich (, nur einige sind gleicher hum.) all people ( oder men) are equal (, but some are more equal [than others])
    2. (ähnlich, vergleichbar) similar, like, präd. alike; Gleiches mit Gleichem vergelten give s.o. tit for tat, pay s.o. back in kind, repay like with like; Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern Sprichw. birds of a feather (flock together)
    3. (unverändert) the same, unchanged; gleich bleiben stay the same; das wird immer gleich bleiben it’ll never change; mit stets gleicher Höflichkeit with unfailing courtesy; er ist nicht mehr der Gleiche he’s not the man I ( oder we) used to know, he’s really changed, you wouldn’t recognize him any more
    4. MATH., Winkel etc.: equal; Vorzeichen, Größe etc.: same, like; PHYS., Ladung, Pole: like; in gleichem Abstand voneinander equidistant from each other; x ist gleich y x equals y; 7 - 2 ist gleich 5 7 - 2 is ( oder leaves) 5; 5 + 2 ist gleich 7 5 + 2 equals 7; gleich null setzen equate to zero
    5. (egal): es ist mir gleich umg. it’s all the same to me; ganz gleich wann / wo etc. whenever / wherever etc. (it is), no matter when / where etc. (it is); es ist ganz gleich, wann / wo etc. it doesn’t matter ( oder make any difference) when / where etc.; das kann dir doch gleich sein umg. why should you care?
    II Adv.
    1. alike, equally; gleich alt / groß etc. the same age / size etc.; es geht uns diesmal allen gleich we’re all in the same boat this time; sie stehen gleich SPORT they’re drawing; in der Tabelle: they’re level on points; gleich bleibend always the same; (unveränderlich) constant, invariable; Kurs, Barometer etc.: steady; gleich denkend oder gesinnt like-minded; gleich geartet of the same kind; (ähnlich) similar; gleich gelagerte Fälle similar cases; gleich gerichtet Ziele, Interessen etc.: similar, parallel; TECH. synchronous; ETECH. unidirectional; gleich gesinnte Leute people with the same kind of interest ( oder outlook etc.); gleich gestellt on an equal footing (+ Dat with); gesellschaftlich: on the same social level; gleich gestimmt Instrumente: tuned to the same pitch; fig. in tune (with one another); gleich gestimmte Seelen kindred spirits; gleich lautend Text: identical, with the same wording; Inhalt: to the same effect; Wörter: homonymic; bei verschiedener Schreibung: homophonic; gleich lautendes Wort auch geschrieben: homonym; vom Klang: homophone; gleich lautende Abschrift true copy
    2. (unmittelbar) right, straight, just, directly; (sofort) straightaway, immediately; gleich zu Beginn right at the outset; (als Anfang) to start off with; gleich daneben right beside ( oder next to) it; gleich gegenüber right ( oder directly) opposite; gleich als as soon as; gleich nach( dem) right ( oder straight) after; ( jetzt) gleich right now, this minute; gleich! hinhaltend: just a minute, give us a chance umg.; ( ich komme) gleich! (I’m) coming!, I’m on my way!; ich ging gleich hin I went straight there; es muss nicht gleich sein there’s no hurry; Kollege kommt gleich im Restaurant: you’ll be served right away; ich bin gleich wieder da I won’t be long; (sofort) I won’t be a minute; komme gleich wieder Schild: will be right back, be back in a jiffy umg.; bis gleich! see you in a minute ( oder later); das haben wir gleich oder das ist gleich geschehen it won’t take a minute, we’ll have that done ( oder fixed) in no time; es ist gleich zehn ( Uhr) it’s nearly ten (o’clock)
    3. umg., nachfragend: wie heißt er ( noch) gleich? what’s ( oder what was) his name again?; was wollte ich gleich sagen? what was I going to say?; wo war es gleich? where was it now?
    4. umg. (auf einmal) at a time, at once; sie hat gleich drei Portionen gegessen she ate three helpings at once; er hat gleich zwei Freundinnen auf einmal he has two girlfriends (on the go) at the same time
    5. umg., Gefühle oder Absicht ausdrückend: das hört sich gleich ganz anders an! that’s better, that’s more like it; willst du wohl gleich den Mund halten! drohend: will you shut up!; gleich passiert was! drohend: there’s going to be trouble!; warum nicht gleich so? ungeduldig: what’s keeping you etc.?; es muss nicht gleich... heißen / sein beruhigend: it doesn’t mean to say (that) / it doesn’t (necessarily) have to be; dann kann ich es ja gleich bleiben lassen! verärgert: then I might as well forget it ( oder give up now)!; geh doch nicht gleich in die Luft! there’s no need to lose your temper; wein doch nicht gleich there’s no need to cry; das dachte ich mir doch gleich! I thought so ( oder as much); habe ich es nicht gleich gesagt? what did I say?
    III Präp. geh.: gleich einem König like a king; einem Wunder gleich as if by magic
    * * *
    (identisch) equally (Adv.); even (Adv.); same (Adj.);
    (rechnerisch) equal (Adj.); even (Adj.);
    (sofort) without delay (Adv.); instantly (Adv.); in a moment (Adv.); readily (Adv.);
    (ähnlich) alike (Adj.); like (Adj.)
    * * *
    [glaiç]
    1. ADJEKTIV
    1) = identisch, ähnlich same

    das gleiche, aber nicht dasselbe Auto — a similar car, but not the same one

    der/die/das gleiche... wie — the same... as

    in gleicher Weise — in the same way

    zur gleichen Zeit — at the same time

    die beiden haben gleiches Gewicht — they are both the same weight, they both weigh the same

    ich fahre den gleichen Wagen wie Sie — I drive the same car as you

    das kommt or läuft aufs Gleiche hinaus — it amounts to the same thing

    wir wollten alle das Gleiche — we all wanted the same thing

    es waren die Gleichen, die... — it was the same ones who...

    ihr Männer seid doch alle gleich! — you men are all the same!

    es ist mir ( alles or ganz) gleich — it's all the same to me

    Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern (Prov) — birds of a feather flock together (Prov)

    Gleiches mit Gleichem vergelten — to pay someone back in the same coin (Brit), to pay sb back in kind

    ganz gleich wer/was etc — no matter who/what etc

    2) = gleichwertig, gleichberechtigt equal

    in gleichem Abstand — at an equal distance

    zwei mal zwei (ist) gleich vier — two twos are four, two times two is four

    vier plus/durch/minus zwei ist gleich... — four plus/divided by/minus two is...

    gleich sein — to be sb's equal (in sth)

    gleiche Rechte, gleiche Pflichten — equal rights, equal responsibilities

    alle Menschen sind gleich, nur einige sind gleicher (hum) — all men are equal, but some are more equal than others

    2. ADVERB
    1) = ohne Unterschied equally; (= auf gleiche Weise) alike, the same

    sie sind gleich groß/alt/schwer — they are the same size/age/weightdiams; gleich bleibend

    2) räumlich right, just
    3) zeitlich = sofort immediately; (= bald) in a minute

    gleich zu or am Anfang — right at the beginning, at the very beginning

    ich werde ihn gleich morgen besuchen — I'll go and see him tomorrow

    warum nicht gleich so? — why didn't you say/do that in the first place?

    na komm schon! – gleich! — come along! – I'm just coming! or – I'll be right there

    wann machst du das? – gleich! — when are you going to do it? – right away or in just a moment

    gleich als or nachdem er... — as soon as he...

    so wirkt das Bild gleich ganz anders — suddenly, the picture has changed completely

    wenn das stimmt, kann ichs ja gleich aufgeben — if that's true I might as well give up right now

    er ging gleich in die Küche/vor Gericht — he went straight to the kitchen/to court

    bis gleich! — see you later!

    wie war doch gleich die Nummer/Ihr Name? — what was the number/your name again?

    3. PRÄPOSITION (+dat)(liter)
    like

    einer Epidemie gleich, gleich einer Epidemie — like an epidemic

    4. BINDEWORT(old, liter)

    ob er gleich... — although he...

    wenn er gleich... — even if he...

    * * *
    1) (like one another; similar: Twins are often very alike.) alike
    2) (in the same way: He treated all his children alike.) alike
    3) (level; the same in height, amount etc: Are the table-legs even?; an even temperature.) even
    4) (equal (in number, amount etc): The teams have scored one goal each and so they are even now.) even
    6) (the same in size, amount, value etc: four equal slices; coins of equal value; Are these pieces equal in size? Women want equal wages with men.) equal
    7) (of the same height, standard etc: The top of the kitchen sink is level with the window-sill; The scores of the two teams are level.) level
    8) (soon: He will be here presently.) presently
    9) (alike; very similar: The houses in this road are all the same; You have the same eyes as your brother (has).) same
    10) (not different: My friend and I are the same age; He went to the same school as me.) same
    11) (unchanged: My opinion is the same as it always was.) same
    12) ((usually with the) the same thing: He sat down and we all did the same.) same
    * * *
    [ˈglaiç]
    I. adj
    zwei mal zwei [ist] \gleich vier two times two is [or equals] four
    PC ist nicht \gleich PC PCs are not all the same
    \gleiche Dreiecke MATH congruent triangles spec
    die \gleichen Gesichter the same faces
    \gleicher Lohn für \gleiche Arbeit equal pay for equal work
    in \gleichem Maße to the same degree/extent
    alle Menschen sind \gleich[, nur einige sind \gleicher (iron)] all people are equal [but some are more equal than others iron]
    im \gleichen Moment at that very [or the same] moment
    \gleichen Namens of the same name
    am \gleichen Ort at/in the same place
    \gleiches Recht für alle equal rights pl for all
    \gleiche Rechte/Pflichten equal rights/responsibilities
    am \gleichen Tag [on] the same day, that same day
    in \gleicher [o auf die \gleiche] Weise in the same way
    zur \gleichen Zeit at the same time
    ein G\gleiches tun (geh) to do the same
    G\gleiches mit G \gleichem vergelten to pay like with like, to give tit for tat
    ▪ der/die/das G\gleiche the same [one]
    das G\gleiche gilt für dich the same goes for [or applies to] you
    das G\gleiche vorhaben/wollen to have the same intentions/objectives
    der/die/das G\gleiche wie.. the same as...
    [ganz] \gleich, was/wer/wie [...] no matter what/who/how [...]
    ▪ jdm ist jd/etw \gleich sb does not care about sb/sth, sb/sth is all the same to sb
    das ist mir \gleich I don't care
    3. (unverändert) same attr
    [sich dat] \gleich bleiben to stay [or remain] the same [or unchanged]; Messwert a. to stay [or remain] constant [or steady]
    du bist dir in deinem Wesen immer \gleich geblieben you've always had the same nature
    das bleibt sich doch \gleich (fam) it's the same thing, it makes no difference
    \gleich bleibend constant/constantly, steady/steadily; konsequent consistent/consistently
    jedes Jahr waren es \gleich bleibend rund 1000 Anfragen each year saw a consistent number of about 1000 requests
    in \gleich bleibendem Abstand at a steady distance
    ▪ der/die/das G\gleiche [wie...] the same [as...]
    es ist immer das [ewig] G\gleiche it's always the same [old thing]
    sie ist immer die G\gleiche geblieben she's never changed
    aufs G\gleiche hinauslaufen [o hinauskommen] it comes [or boils] down [or amounts] to the same thing
    4.
    ▶ etw ins G\gleiche bringen (geh) to sort out sth sep
    ▶ G\gleich und G \gleich gesellt sich gern (prov) birds of a feather flock together prov
    ▶ von G\gleich zu G \gleich on an equal footing
    II. adv
    \gleich alt the same age pred
    \gleich groß/lang equally large/long, equal in [or the same] size/length pred
    \gleich schwer equally heavy, the same weight pred
    ▪ etw \gleich tun to do sth the same
    \gleich aufgebaut/gekleidet sein to have the same structure/to be wearing identical clothes
    jdn \gleich behandeln to treat sb alike
    \gleich bezahlt werden to be paid the same, to receive the same pay
    \gleich gelagert comparable
    \gleich gesinnt [o denkend] like-minded, of like minds pred
    \gleich gestimmte Seelen kindred spirits [or souls]
    \gleich lautend identical; Text a. identically worded; LING homonymous spec
    der Appell wurde \gleich lautend in vielen Zeitungen gedruckt the same appeal was printed in many newspapers
    2. (bald) just, in a minute [or moment]; (sofort a.) straight away
    \gleich nach dem Frühstück right [or straight] after breakfast
    es ist \gleich ein Uhr it's almost [or nearly] one o'clock
    es muss nicht \gleich sein you don't have to do it right [or straight] away, there's no hurry
    bis \gleich! see you then [or later]!; (sofort) see you in a minute [or moment]!
    ich komme \gleich! I'm just coming!, I'll be right there!
    habe ich es nicht \gleich gesagt! what did I tell you?, I told you so!
    warum nicht \gleich so? why didn't you say so/do that in the first place?
    \gleich danach [o darauf] soon afterwards [or AM also afterward]; (sofort) right away, straight [or right] afterwards [or AM also afterward]
    \gleich jetzt [right] now
    \gleich heute/morgen [first thing] today/tomorrow
    3. (daneben) immediately, right
    \gleich als [o nachdem] ... as soon as...
    \gleich dahinter just [or right] behind it
    \gleich danach just [or right] [or immediately] after it
    \gleich daneben right beside [or next to] it
    4. usu + Zahl (zugleich)
    sie kaufte sich \gleich zwei Paar she bought two pairs!
    drei Autos, nein, \gleich vier besitzt sie she owns three — no, four cars
    III. part
    1. in Fragesätzen (noch)
    wie war doch \gleich Ihr Name? what was your name again?
    was hast du \gleich gesagt? what was that you were saying?
    wir können \gleich zu Hause bleiben we can just [or might] as well stay at home
    du brauchst nicht \gleich zu weinen there's no need to start crying
    \gleich gar nicht/nichts not/nothing at all
    IV. präp +dat (geh)
    ▪ \gleich jdm/etw [o jdm/etw \gleich] like sb/sth
    * * *
    1.
    1) (identisch, von derselben Art) same; (gleichberechtigt, gleichwertig, Math.) equal

    dreimal zwei [ist] gleich sechs — three times two equals or is six

    gleich bleiben — remain or stay the same; (konstant) remain or stay constant or steady

    das bleibt sich [doch] gleich — (ugs.) it makes no difference

    gleich bleibend — (konstant) constant; steady

    das Gleiche wollen/beabsichtigen — have the same objective[s pl.]/intentions pl.

    das kommt auf das Gleiche od. aufs Gleiche heraus — it amounts or comes to the same thing

    Gleiches mit gleichem vergelten — pay somebody back in his/her own coin or in kind

    Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern — (Spr.) birds of a feather flock together (prov.)

    gleich lautend — identical; identically worded

    2) (ugs.): (gleichgültig)

    ganz gleich, wer anruft,... — no matter who calls,...

    2.

    gleich groß/alt usw. sein — be the same height/age etc.

    gleich gut/schlecht — usw. equally good/bad etc.

    gleich aufgebaut/gekleidet — having the same structure/wearing identical clothes

    3) (sofort) at once; right or straight away; (bald) in a moment or minute

    es ist gleich zehn Uhr — it is almost or nearly ten o'clock

    das habe ich [euch] gleich gesagt — I told you so; what did I tell you?

    4) (räumlich) right; immediately; just

    gleich rechts/links — just or immediately on the right/left

    3.
    Präposition + Dat. (geh.) like
    4.
    1)

    nun wein' nicht gleich/sei nicht gleich böse — don't start crying/don't get cross

    wie hieß er gleich? — what was his name [again]?

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. (übereinstimmend) same, präd the same; (identisch) identical; Bezahlung, Rechte etc: equal; (einheitlich) uniform;
    fast gleich very similar;
    in gleicher Weise (in) the same way;
    zu gleicher Zeit at the same time, simultaneously;
    gleiches Recht für alle equal rights for all;
    gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit equal pay for equal work;
    gleiche Rechte, gleiche Pflichten sprichw equal rights, equal responsibilities;
    Gleiches gilt für the same applies to (umg goes for);
    das bleibt sich gleich umg it doesn’t make any difference, it comes ( oder boils) down to the same thing;
    nur einige sind gleicher hum) all people ( oder men) are equal (, but some are more equal [than others])
    2. (ähnlich, vergleichbar) similar, like, präd alike;
    Gleiches mit Gleichem vergelten give sb tit for tat, pay sb back in kind, repay like with like;
    Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern sprichw birds of a feather (flock together)
    3. (unverändert) the same, unchanged;
    mit stets gleicher Höflichkeit with unfailing courtesy;
    er ist nicht mehr der Gleiche he’s not the man I ( oder we) used to know, he’s really changed, you wouldn’t recognize him any more
    4. MATH, Winkel etc: equal; Vorzeichen, Größe etc: same, like; PHYS, Ladung, Pole: like;
    in gleichem Abstand voneinander equidistant from each other;
    x ist gleich y x equals y;
    7 – 2 ist gleich 5 7 – 2 is ( oder leaves) 5;
    5 + 2 ist gleich 7 5 + 2 equals 7;
    gleich null setzen equate to zero
    5. (egal):
    es ist mir gleich umg it’s all the same to me;
    ganz gleich wann/wo etc whenever/wherever etc (it is), no matter when/where etc (it is);
    es ist ganz gleich, wann/wo etc it doesn’t matter ( oder make any difference) when/where etc;
    das kann dir doch gleich sein umg why should you care?
    B. adv
    1. alike, equally;
    gleich alt/groß etc the same age/size etc;
    es geht uns diesmal allen gleich we’re all in the same boat this time;
    gesinnt like-minded;
    gleich gelagerte Fälle similar cases;
    gleich gerichtet Ziele, Interessen etc: similar, parallel; TECH synchronous; ELEK unidirectional;
    gleich gesinnte Leute people with the same kind of interest ( oder outlook etc);
    gleich gestimmt Instrumente: tuned to the same pitch; fig in tune (with one another);
    gleich gestimmte Seelen kindred spirits;
    2. (unmittelbar) right, straight, just, directly; (sofort) straightaway, immediately;
    gleich zu Beginn right at the outset; (als Anfang) to start off with;
    gleich daneben right beside ( oder next to) it;
    gleich gegenüber right ( oder directly) opposite;
    gleich als as soon as;
    gleich nach(dem) right ( oder straight) after;
    (jetzt) gleich right now, this minute;
    gleich! hinhaltend: just a minute, give us a chance umg;
    (ich komme) gleich! (I’m) coming!, I’m on my way!;
    ich ging gleich hin I went straight there;
    es muss nicht gleich sein there’s no hurry;
    Kollege kommt gleich im Restaurant: you’ll be served right away;
    ich bin gleich wieder da I won’t be long; (sofort) I won’t be a minute;
    komme gleich wieder Schild: will be right back, be back in a jiffy umg;
    bis gleich! see you in a minute ( oder later);
    das ist gleich geschehen it won’t take a minute, we’ll have that done ( oder fixed) in no time;
    es ist gleich zehn (Uhr) it’s nearly ten (o’clock)
    3. umg, nachfragend:
    wie heißt er (noch) gleich? what’s ( oder what was) his name again?;
    was wollte ich gleich sagen? what was I going to say?;
    wo war es gleich? where was it now?
    4. umg (auf einmal) at a time, at once;
    sie hat gleich drei Portionen gegessen she ate three helpings at once;
    er hat gleich zwei Freundinnen auf einmal he has two girlfriends (on the go) at the same time
    das hört sich gleich ganz anders an! that’s better, that’s more like it;
    willst du wohl gleich den Mund halten! drohend: will you shut up!;
    gleich passiert was! drohend: there’s going to be trouble!;
    warum nicht gleich so? ungeduldig: what’s keeping you etc?;
    es muss nicht gleich … heißen/sein beruhigend: it doesn’t mean to say (that)/it doesn’t (necessarily) have to be;
    dann kann ich es ja gleich bleiben lassen! verärgert: then I might as well forget it ( oder give up now)!;
    geh doch nicht gleich in die Luft! there’s no need to lose your temper;
    wein doch nicht gleich there’s no need to cry;
    das dachte ich mir doch gleich! I thought so ( oder as much);
    habe ich es nicht gleich gesagt? what did I say?
    C. präp geh:
    gleich einem König like a king;
    einem Wunder gleich as if by magic
    * * *
    1.
    1) (identisch, von derselben Art) same; (gleichberechtigt, gleichwertig, Math.) equal

    dreimal zwei [ist] gleich sechs — three times two equals or is six

    gleich bleiben — remain or stay the same; (konstant) remain or stay constant or steady

    sich (Dat.) gleich bleiben — remain the same

    das bleibt sich [doch] gleich — (ugs.) it makes no difference

    gleich bleibend — (konstant) constant; steady

    das Gleiche wollen/beabsichtigen — have the same objective[s pl.]/intentions pl.

    das kommt auf das Gleiche od. aufs Gleiche heraus — it amounts or comes to the same thing

    Gleiches mit gleichem vergelten — pay somebody back in his/her own coin or in kind

    Gleich und Gleich gesellt sich gern — (Spr.) birds of a feather flock together (prov.)

    gleich lautend — identical; identically worded

    2) (ugs.): (gleichgültig)

    ganz gleich, wer anruft,... — no matter who calls,...

    2.

    gleich groß/alt usw. sein — be the same height/age etc.

    gleich gut/schlecht — usw. equally good/bad etc.

    gleich aufgebaut/gekleidet — having the same structure/wearing identical clothes

    3) (sofort) at once; right or straight away; (bald) in a moment or minute

    es ist gleich zehn Uhr — it is almost or nearly ten o'clock

    das habe ich [euch] gleich gesagt — I told you so; what did I tell you?

    4) (räumlich) right; immediately; just

    gleich rechts/links — just or immediately on the right/left

    3.
    Präposition + Dat. (geh.) like
    4.
    1)

    nun wein' nicht gleich/sei nicht gleich böse — don't start crying/don't get cross

    wie hieß er gleich? — what was his name [again]?

    * * *
    (Mathematik) adj.
    equal adj. adj.
    alike adj.
    equal adj.
    like adj.
    right adj.
    same adj.
    similar adj. adv.
    equally adv.
    in a moment expr.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gleich

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